Back Nephrozoa Afrikaans كلوانيات Arabic Nephrozoa Azerbaijani Nephrozoa BS Nefrozous Catalan Eubilateria Czech Nephrozoa Spanish Nephrozoa Basque نفروزوآ Persian Nephrozoa French
| Nephrozoa | |
|---|---|
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Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Subkingdom: | Eumetazoa |
| Clade: | ParaHoxozoa |
| Clade: | Bilateria |
| Clade: | Nephrozoa Jondelius et al., 2002 |
| Subdivisions | |
| Synonyms | |
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Eubilateria Ax, 1987 | |
Nephrozoa is a major clade of bilaterian animals. It includes all bilaterians other than Xenacoelomorpha. It contrasts with the Xenambulacraria hypothesis, which instead posits that Xenacoelomorpha is most closely related to Ambulacraria.[1][2][3][4][5] Which hypothesis is correct has been debated. Authors supporting the Xenambulacraria hypothesis suggested in 2019 that the genetic evidence used to support Nephrozoa may be due to systematic error.[1] By 2024, the deuterostomes, the group in which the anus forms before the mouth in the early embryo, have been stated to be definitely a clade, fitting in with the Nephrozoa hypothesis (with Nephrozoa separate from Xenacoelomorpha).[6]
Below is a proposed phylogenetic tree of Nephrozoa:
| Bilateria |
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- ^ a b Philippe, Hervé; Poustka, Albert J.; Chiodin, Marta; Hoff, Katharina J.; Dessimoz, Christophe; Tomiczek, Bartlomiej; Schiffer, Philipp H.; et al. (2019). "Mitigating Anticipated Effects of Systematic Errors Supports Sister-Group Relationship between Xenacoelomorpha and Ambulacraria". Current Biology. 29 (11): 1818–1826.e6. Bibcode:2019CBio...29E1818P. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2019.04.009. hdl:21.11116/0000-0004-DC4B-1. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 31104936. S2CID 155104811.
- ^ Marlétaz, Ferdinand (2019-06-17). "Zoology: Worming into the Origin of Bilaterians". Current Biology. 29 (12): R577 – R579. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2019.05.006. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 31211978.
- ^ Kapli, Paschalia; Telford, Maximilian J. (11 Dec 2020). "Topology-dependent asymmetry in systematic errors affects phylogenetic placement of Ctenophora and Xenacoelomorpha". Science Advances. 6 (10): eabc5162. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abc5162. PMC 7732190. PMID 33310849.
- ^ Kapli, Paschalia; Natsidis, Paschalis; Leite, Daniel J.; Fursman, Maximilian; Jeffrie, Nadia; Rahman, Imran A.; Philippe, Hervé; Copley, Richard R.; Telford, Maximilian J. (2021-03-19). "Lack of support for Deuterostomia prompts reinterpretation of the first Bilateria". Science Advances. 7 (12): eabe2741. Bibcode:2021SciA....7.2741K. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abe2741. PMC 7978419. PMID 33741592.
- ^ Marlétaz, Ferdinand; Peijnenburg, Katja T.C.A.; Goto, Taichiro; Satoh, Noriyuki; Rokhsar, Daniel S. (2019-01-21). "A New Spiralian Phylogeny Places the Enigmatic Arrow Worms among Gnathiferans". Current Biology. 29 (2): 312–318.e3. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2018.11.042. PMID 30639106.
- ^ Swalla, Billie J. (21 November 2024). "Deuterostome Ancestors and Chordate Origins". Integrative and Comparative Biology. 64 (5): 1175–1181. doi:10.1093/icb/icae134. PMID 39104213.